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Carolina Flores

The TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership), a trade deal under negotiation now, aims to enforce strong intellectual property laws in 12 countries in the Asia-Pacific region which may seriously affect health provision. The suggested laws will make access to generics harder and increase the price of treatment for those who can't afford it. This sets a negative precedent in negotiation and may cause a lot of damage to aid programmes, which often rely on affordable drugs to reach out to as many people as possible.

Amongst the measures of the TPP, the following might be particularly harmful:

. This means that pharmaceutical companies will be able to extend monopoly protection by obtaining patents for modifications of existing drugs, delaying access to generic drugs.

. Patents cannot be challenged until they have been granted. This delays access to medicines and makes it harder to challenge patents.

 Regulators can't use existing clinical data to give market approval to generic drugs. This allows pharmaceutical companies to keep prices high for longer.

All of this is expected to have a particularly dramatic effect in Vietnam, where 0.5% of the population is infected with HIV, Tuberculosis is on the rise, and malaria is prevalent. The country has relied on foreign aid and needs appropriate access to cheap medicines to provide treatment for these diseases. The TPP might jeopardize the chances of success of international aid programmes to the country, by making it much more expensive to provide healthcare. This is a pretty big problem in a country where 12% of the population still lives below the poverty line.

PhARMA - which represents large companies such as Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline - has been lobbying the US government to make sure that the TPP goes ahead. It argues that intellectual property protections are not a problem compared to scarcity of hospitals and doctors. It also claims that strong patent protection offers an incentive for investments in areas that may benefit developing countries, such as drug delivery system suitable for high temperatures and humidity, and that it protects against the distribution of counterfeit products, which is a large problem in some areas.

The next round of negotiations on the 12-nation trade agreement backed by the US, is expected to take place next week in Singapore.

http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/606fcb32-efc7-11e2-8229-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2t6MNKeTz

http://www.msfaccess.org/about-us/media-room/press-releases/trans-pacific-trade-talks-accelerate-vital-lifeline-affordable

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-11/tpp-talks-on-artificial-timeframe-u-s-ambassador-wagar-says.html

Can you trade away health?

Giving What We Can

We are currently looking for interns to join our Graduate Volunteer Scheme. This involves a period of several months' work in our Oxford-based office. Work will be varied, and prioritised by the most pressing needs in the six month plan. We are also taking applications for our two-week student development programme in September. All candidates would ideally be intelligent and hardworking, and motivated by the idea of contributing to our mission of inspiring donations to the most effective charities fighting extreme poverty.

Taking up a graduate volunteer position is a great way to gain experience for your future career as well as meet and work with a diverse range of fascinating and motivated people at the same time. There is a large amount of job flexibility, meaning that you can work on whatever is most useful and will develop your skills in a good way. It is also a great way to do good and make a positive impact.

See below for more information; details are also available on our 

Long-term internships on our Graduate Volunteer Scheme

We run a Graduate Volunteer Scheme on which you can intern with us for several months. We can often provide accommodation and expenses to ensure that you're not left out of pocket. As a Graduate Volunteer, there are lots of different areas to work on, and there's plenty of flexibility to adjust the role so it plays to your strengths and development aims. We make it our responsibility to ensure your time here allows you to grow as much as possible, as well as just being lots of fun! We're looking for hardworking individuals with a strong desire for personal development who are deeply interested in making the world a better place in an effective way.

The scheme has proved very popular with our current interns, with a stimulating and dedicated atmosphere in the office and a lively and welcoming community outside office hours. Perhaps the strongest evidence of this is that many have extended their stays repeatedly. Once you have applied, we are happy to connect you with a current intern to discuss what it's like to work with us. Read more about why it's great to work at CEA 

Your chances of being offered an internship are greatly increased if you can secure your own funding, for example through scholarships and fundraising.

. If you would be interested in interning with us, please 

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1Nr-D7DEyDOhcPrsJl72lxdqULiboq8mkOi9kPSQkdXI/viewform

Do you want to join the fight against global poverty and gain experience of research or communications within the voluntary sector?

In this two week period (15th-26th September 2014) interns will gain training and experience in the area of their choice; either cost-effectiveness Research or Communications. For more details and to apply, see 

Why Giving What We Can is a great place to work

Be at the heart of an inspiring community of people who care about others and really put their passion into practice

We have members all around the world, all of whom are dedicating a large part of their income to helping people in the developing world as much as they can, and supporting each other in doing so. You would be getting to know these members, answering their questions, providing support to them and helping them to help others.

Work with friendly and intellectual staff

You'd be working alongside a talented, interesting and highly motivated team.

Giving What We Can shares an office with the rest of the Centre for Effective Altruism and with the Future of Humanity Institute, which is part of the University of Oxford. There are always fascinating people around, and we often hold joint seminars and training sessions, as well as many social events.

Be part of a fast-growing organisation and social movement

It's a hugely exciting place to be, and has opportunities for swiftly increasing responsibility

Each new member of Giving What We Can saves around 10 lives, meaning that your work can help prevent hundreds of unnecessary deaths each year!

Internship opportunities at Giving What We Can

Tom Ash

We are looking for a Director of Development to join our team in Oxford! The right candidate would play a vital role growing and sustaining the donor base that enables Giving What We Can and our sister charity 

 to serve their charitable missions. You can read more about the role below. If you're interested in this opportunity please apply 

 by 28th February (and if you know anyone else who might be interested, we encourage you to pass this opportunity on to them).

Note that this is just one of many job and internship opportunities that are available with our parent charity, the Centre for Effective Altruism (CEA) - for a full list, see 

CEA is a young and rapidly growing charity which has grown to a £300,000 annual budget over 18 months. We are located in central Oxford and affiliated with Oxford University. As described above, in this role you'll be fundraising for both Giving What We Can and the other innovative organisation that is part of CEA - 80,000 Hours. CEA has a track record of incubating new charitable projects and is continuing to expand into new areas.

In order to meet its growth targets CEA has set the ambitious goal of raising an extra £150,000 over the next year. Currently CEA is funded primarily by 'high net worth' individuals, but also by a number of medium-sized donors and grants.

For this role we are interested in people with previous experience in fundraising, in particular the following activities:

Writing fundraising materials (e.g. pitching projects).

Identifying, establishing and building relationships with major donors.

More general donor relationship management.

The ideal candidate would also have a degree, be a fast and compelling writer, cope well with stress, and be keen to work with a young team in a startup environment.

Contract details: We would be willing to pay up to £40,000, depending on experience.

For more details on this and the other roles we are recruiting for, see 

. Note that as well as employees, we are also always looking for interns to join us on our popular 

 for this and the other jobs that we are recruiting for. The deadline for applications is 28th February 2014 at 5pm GMT. If you have any questions at any stage of the process, please contact 

recruitment@centreforeffectivealtruism.org

We look forward to one of you joining us soon!

The Centre for Effective Altruism is looking for a Director of Development

Michelle Hutchinson

Giving What We Can is looking for an enthusiastic, friendly and dedicated individual to be our Director of Community! This role involves keeping in close contact with our community of members (currently 430). It means being the main point of contact for people considering whether to join Giving What We Can, to offer advice and support in their decision. The ideal candidate would be confident and knowledgeable about effective giving, allowing them to give presentations and talk to journalists with authority. Please read below for more details. For information on applying, please see our 

Giving What We Can is an ambitious non-profit that raises money for the charities that most effectively reduce global poverty, and is one of the flagship organisations of the global 'effective altruist' movement. It does this in large part by asking people to pledge to donate 10% of their income to the best charities that they are aware of. To date, Giving What We Can's 430 members have collectively pledged over £100 million!

The Director of Community is an essential part of our team, and of the process by which we have impact in helping those in poverty. We have found that in order to be willing to pledge to give 10% of their income for the rest of their lives, people need personal contact with a friendly member of staff who can answer their questions and introduce them to other people doing the same.

We are looking for someone willing to stay in this role for a significant period of time. If successful, this person could eventually oversee a team of people attracting and engaging members. They would work closely with the Director of Communications who would help to generate interest amongst prospective members and the Executive Director who would set the strategic direction of the organisation.

: We have members all around the world, all of whom are dedicating a large part of their income to helping people in the developing world as much as they can, and supporting each other in doing so. You would be getting to know these members, answering their questions, providing support to them and helping them to help others.

Work with friendly and intellectual staff:

 You’d be working alongside a talented, interesting and highly motivated team.

 Giving What We Can shares an office with the rest of the Centre for Effective Altruism and with the Future of Humanity Institute, which is part of the University of Oxford. There are always fascinating people around, and we often hold joint seminars and training sessions, as well as many social events.

Be part of a fast-growing organisation and social movement:

 It’s a hugely exciting place to be, and has opportunities for swiftly increasing responsibility

 Each new member of Giving What We Can saves around 10 lives, meaning that the right person in this job could help prevent over 100 unnecessary deaths each year!

Be extroverted, friendly, and excited about talking to up to 20 people each week.

Be comfortable asking people directly to give to charity, or take our 10% giving pledge.

Over time, become on a first name basis with hundreds of people who are part of our charitable community.

Be able to manage email threads with 10-30 prospective members simultaneously, and send them joining information via post in a timely fashion.

be able to write well for our members' newsletter and blog

be comfortable speaking publicly, or to journalists, about giving and cost effectiveness research

be able to use our CRM to track potential and existing members

have some knowledge of the key concepts related to cost effective giving

be able to manage members who volunteer running chapters around the world.

We would be willing to have a start salary between £18,000 and £30,000, depending on experience. Giving What We Can operates in the University of Oxford's offices in Oxford.

You can apply for our Director of Community position by clicking here

Could you be our new Director of Community?

George McGowan

Giving What We Can recently set up a charitable trust to help you ensure your donations reach the most effective charities. You can now donate to our top recommended charities by visiting 

If you want to give to charities based in other countries, such as Project Healthy Children, then we can get you Gift Aid on your donations - usually a very difficult process.

If you want to donate to multiple charities, you don't have to go to a donations page for each of them - you can simply give money to the trust and tell us how you want it distributed.

You don't have to choose between our top charities if you don't want to. You simply give to the trust and we'll allocate the money. We currently allocate money equally to each of our recommended charities, although if you would like to specify the proportion of your donation that each charity gets, you are welcome to do so.

You don't have to keep up with our recommendations: if you set up a standing order to our trust, then even if our recommendations change, your donations will go to our updated recommended charities. In this way, you can continue to go to the best causes without you changing your standing order.

It is a way of allowing Giving What We Can to monitor your donations, ensuring that if you are a member, you will not be expected to complete the giving review each year, saving you the time of tracking your own donations.

The process of donating to the trust is described in more detail on 

You sign up to the trust, letting us know what proportion of your money you'd like to give to which charity.

You then start giving to the trust, deciding how much you want to give and whether you want to give a recurring donation. You can give via bank transfer, cheque, PayPal or GoCardless.

We claim gift aid and send the money to the charity. We send the money to our charities quarterly by default. Although you are able to specify if you want your donation made at whatever time, and at whatever intervals you wish.

To clarify, there are only tax-benefits for people in the UK who donate through the trust. We may launch similar vehicles in other countries if the trust proves successful.

We'd love to hear your questions or comments! Please leave a comment or email 

The Giving What We Can Trust

Chloe Kane

Inadequacies in the area of water, sanitation and hygiene (known collectively as WASH), are responsible for a huge number of health problems throughout the developing world, including diarrhoea, the leading cause of childhood mortality. As outlined in our WASH 

, research in the WASH sector has often produced conflicting and ambiguous results as to which interventions are effective. However, two world-class research institutions, Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) and Poverty Action Lab (JPAL), believing that progress could be made in this area, carried out a series of randomized control trials (RCTs) to try and find a solution. The results of these trials provided strong evidence that installing chlorine dispensers next to water sources is a highly effective method of ensuring the chlorination of unsafe water. Convinced of the effectiveness of chlorine by existing research, 

 (DSW) was then launched. Giving What We Can has been researching DSW since September, and believes that on many measures it looks like a highly cost-effective charity with promising opportunity for leverage. Despite this, we hesitate to include DSW among our top charities at this time, because we have lingering concerns about the strength of the existing evidence for the efficacy of water quality interventions.

What makes chlorine dispensers good - four problems, DSW's solutions:

783 million people in the world, or 11% of the global population lack access to safe drinking water. As a result, people are drinking water contaminated with bacteria that lead to diseases such as diarrhoea.

Water can be treated with disinfectants, and some research has shown chlorine to be particularly effective here, suggesting a 29-35% reduction in diarrhoea. This is due in part to its significant residual effect: it keeps water safe from recontamination for the period over which we expect water to be retained (usually only 24 hours).

Even when the health benefits are well-known, chlorine isn't used if people have to pay for it.

The chlorine from dispensers is free. On top of this, instead of the distribution of individual bottles of chlorine as some charities and trials have done, DSW's system is much more cost-effective - only one dispenser is needed for the whole community.

The public nature of the dispensers, and their location next to water sources serve as a reminder. On top of this, DSW uses community education and local promoters to encourage usage. In keeping with their evidence-based practice, they have carried out RCTs in order to ensure that that such promotion has the widest possible impact, and is continued over a long period of time. The outcome of this is a programme that has seen an average adoption rate of 43% in the scaled up programme. This compares to adoption rates in other WASH interventions of 5 -10%.

WASH interventions are often neglected, and end up in disrepair because maintenance is costly.

DSW has been set up with the idea that it provides a service - not just the initial infrastructure. Maintenance costs have not only been factored into the organisation's budget, but they have once again carried out RCTs in order to ensure that they are using the most effective methods for this part of the programme too.

Scaling up - Dispensers for Safe Water and Evidence Action

Given their early successes, DSW is in the process of scaling up their programme with the aim of reaching 25 million people in Africa by the end of 2018. DSW is now part of the larger organisation 

 that also runs another of our recommended charities, 

, though you can continue to donate directly to both projects.

There are several key elements of their scaling up model that give us reason to believe that DSW will continue to be effective:

DSW carries out research and pilots in regions into which it is considering expanding, in order to determine whether it is a suitable destination for the chlorine dispenser system. In addition, it carefully monitors any partner organizations to ensure that best practice continues to be used.

The Kyoto protocol allows organizations to gain carbon credits if they can show that the activity they are carrying out reduces carbon usage. Since using chlorine means that people no longer have to boil their water in attempts to purify it, DSW earns carbon credits which it can then sell in carbon markets such as the European Union Emissions Trading System. Because of this, they are able to cover a large amount of the fixed costs of running the organization, allowing more of the donated money to be spent on chlorine and dispensers.

The DSW scaling model is such that as the programme is expanded, average costs will increasingly fall. This is because chlorine supply chain costs, and maintenance costs will be lower if several can be attended to in one round. This means that even if DSW expands into areas with lower rates of diarrhoea such that potentially fewer lives would be saved for a given amount of money, the reduced costs overall offset this worry, and permit them to expand into more regions.

Because of the carbon credits system they are using, DSW hopes to be financially sustainable by 2018. That is, once they reach a certain scale (the projected 25 million people) the carbon credits system should be raising enough money to sustain the project without need for further donations. However, to reach that point they have a substantial funding gap to make up. Since a large part of their model is based on economies of scale, donations will be increasingly valuable in making it to this goal.

Current internal estimates supplied to us by DSW put the net cost of one DALY averted at $67.5. DSW estimate that one dispenser with a life-time of 5 years averts 3.97 DALYs, relying on estimates of diarrheal reduction due to Fewtrell et al. (2005) and Kremer et al. (2009). The marginal gross cost for a dispenser of this kind installed in 2014 is $671, but the net cost of $268 is significantly lower due to sale of carbon credits.

The internal cost-effectiveness estimate is indicative of a highly cost-effective charity. In addition, two things should be noted. The figure given is a conservative estimate based on the minimum number of diarrhoea-related deaths averted. This figure doesn't take into account the benefits of the prevention of other water-borne diseases that chlorine dispensers help to prevent, and so DSW's programs may well have a larger potential benefit than this estimate indicates. In addition, costs are expected to decline over time due to economies of scale.

In spite of DSW's many positive aspects, we remain cautious about recommending them at this time. This is due to our uncertainty about the current evidence for water treatment interventions. As GiveWell explore in comprehensive detail in their

, despite many randomized control trials that demonstrate efficacy for water treatment interventions in reducing diarrhoeal disease, the small number of blinded trials to date have failed to find evidence of an effect. While the blinded trials are smaller in number, they also represent a higher standard of evidence. Like GiveWell, we don't believe that we have encountered an adequate explanation for this discrepancy that would allow us to entirely discount the null results reported in blinded trials. As a result, whilst DSW looks highly promising, at the moment we cannot recommend them as a top charity. However, we believe that they are likely to be among the most effective WASH charities, and quite possibly the most effective in this area. Furthermore, future research on water interventions may well resolve our lingering concerns regarding the evidence for water treatment interventions.

Dispensers for Safe Water

 about foreign aid, and decided to contribute, with three further myths about individual giving. If you've been inspired to help combat extreme poverty, we hope this video can help you to make a big difference with your donations.

Three myths about charity you should be aware of

Krisztina Csortea

 organized a debate on whether ending poverty is possible, and a video recording of the event is now available 

. The deadline for the first set of Millennium Development Goals is coming up in 2015, and new goals are being formulated now. The panelists discussed the progress of MDGs so far and the next set of challenges facing poverty elimination. If you ever wondered how to be smarter about aid and whether China can serve as a model for Africa or about how to get to "zero poverty" and then stay there, this is well worth a watch!

'Can we really end poverty?' an intelligence2 debate

Stephanie Crampin

Myth: We give money to Africa and nothing changes.